Friday, September 26, 2014

Simple Square Wave Generator Circuits

A drawback of low frequency oscillators using bipolar transistors or TTL logic is that the timing capacitor usually has to be a high value electrolytic.
Using a field effect transistor at the input of a schmitt trigger, means a low value capacitor can be employed . The trigger by Q1 and O2 has a hysteresis of approximately 3V. This is controlled by the 3V zenen Mth C1 uncharged O1 is off and O2 is forward biased. The voltage at the source of Q1 is approximately +4V. O2 conducts, thus turning on TR3. The output is therefore at +1OV. C1 then charges via R1 and the gate voltage of Q1 goes positive. When the gate voltage is sufficiently positive Q1 conducts, turning off Q2. The positive feedback from the emitter of (12 to the source of (11 ensures a rapid switch off. Q3 also  switches off and the output goes to -5V. Capacitor C1 now discharge towards -5V, but when the voltage across C1 falls by approximately 3V, Ol ceases to conduct, turning on 0.2. The collector load of Q3 is connected to a negative supply giving a  50% duty cycle. (The circuit still oscillates if R7 is connected to GV but the duty cycle will change, the output remaining at OV for a longer period than at +10V). With the components as shown the frequency of the output is approximately 0.025Hz. 



 The multiple amplifiers in the LM3900N device are very suitable for use ln waveform generators at frequencies of up to about 10 kHz. Voltage controlled oscillators (the frequency of which is dependent on an input voltage) can also be designed using the device. A simple square wave generator is shown. The capacitor Cn alternately charges and discharges between voltage limits which are set by R2, R 3 and R4. The circuit is basically of the Schmitt trigger type, the voltages at which triggering occurs being approximately Vt/3 and 2V+/ 3.



The time constant T of this circuit is equal to 0.7 R;C2. Where T is in seconds, R1 in ohms and C2 in farads. For example when R1 = 10 k and C2 = 100 microfareds the time constant will be one second. Capacitor C2 may be selected over wide a range and Ry may be a potentiometer 100 k maximum. Outputs 1_and 2 provide pulses of opposite polarity but the rise time of output 2‘is long due to the charging current of C2. 


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Thursday, September 25, 2014

Making a Homemade Large TV Projector Screen Home Theater System

If you are looking for a new hobby, here is a project which is exciting and yet so easy to construct. Imagine inviting your guests to watch the next foot ball world championship on your home theater from a small TV.

The thing which can make this possible is a lens called frensel lens.


Construction of the projector unit

The projector can be made from almost any material, cardboard being the easiest to work with. It is advisable to l make the first construction with cardboard and, after gain- ing confidence, the final case may be made of wood or decorative boards. The projector is built as shown in Fig. 1. The inside measurements A and B correspond to width and height respectively of the TV screen, the depth, is 48.25 cm and is the same for all sizes of TV sets. The rear of the case remains open. The front has a square opening where the-objective unit will slide in. The case can be made more stable by using good adhesive and masking tape around the corners and angles. Stability of the case is very important. The square opening D x D should be 30.5 cm x 30.5 cm for all TV sets above and up to 33 cm screen size.


Objective unit

This is made of same material as the projector unit. Here the front is open while the rear carries the lens. The wall thickness of the projector unit should be such that one should be able to slide this objective unit easily and horizontally, yet not so loose that it gets tilted in the square opening of the projector unit. The length E of the objective unit is 22.9 cm. The lens carrying sheet has a 14.6cm diameter hole in the center ( Fig. 1). Tape the special fresnel lens over this hole. Make sure you tape the edge of the lens only and not on the grooves as this will affect the clarity of the picture. The grooves on the lens, should always face towards the objective unit. When pushed into the projector, the grooved side should face the TV screen.  


Mirror

 Though the lens will magnify the TV picture, it will be inverted. lf the picture is vertically inverted, placing the TV set upside down can be avoided in the following manner:

I. Turn the deflection coil at the neck of the picture tube by 180 degree.

2. Alternatively, invert the terminals of the vertical and horizontal deflection coils through a slide switch as per the connection plan in Fig. 2; This will allow you to see the picture projected on giant screen or, by removing the projector unit, normally on TV by simply sliding the switch either way·as desired. If you have a 33cm transistorised portable set, ideal for  projection sharpness, you can turn the set upside down as this will not damage the set anyway. lf the picture is inverted side wise it can be remedied by inverting the vertical deflection coils. As an alternate method a mirror can be used. The mirror of 30.5 cm x 30.5 cm in size should be fixed on the projector mounting plate with the help of a mirror holder. The mirror  holder is easily made by using two wooden planks of l .27 cm x 5 cm x 30.5 cm each and fixing them at the mirror edge by contact adhesive. Now the mirror can stand vertically. The mirror should stand vertically making 450 angle to the lens. The light path through the TV projector is shown in Fig. 3. Final fixing of the mirror holder and the projector unit on a board should be done only after the final adjustments fora good. picture have been made.


Final construction

 After adjusting the TV set to obtain an upright picture,  bring the projector unit exactly in front of the TV screen. Use a supporting board of proper size and height for resting} the projector unit. Slide in the objective unit with the lens turned inside towards the TV screen and the grooved side of the lens facing the TV screen. Thereafter, place the big projector screen about 1.4m  away from, the projector, shutting off the room lights or external lights completely. Picture will be very bright only when the room is fully dark as in a cinema. Adjust the objective unit by sliding until a very sharp picture is projected on the screen. Now the screen can be moved back and forth and the objective unit adjusted again until the desired size and sharpness are obtained.

 very important point may be mentioned here. The brightness of the picture will depend on the reflective power, of the projector screen. The screen should be straight without any curve anywhere on its surface. Its bright white surface should be light reflecting type, not light-absorbing. For this reason Kodak’s Ektalit screen has been found to give picture so bright that it could be viewed even in a half-dark room.

In case of non-availability of this material similar results can be achieved by trying out small size (about 30.5 cm x 30.5 cm) smooth surfaces of different materials and painting them with different types of bright white paints. The one that gives the brightest picture can then be selected. Fix everything after the final adjustment. To give it a professional look, a black stripe can be painted on the screen to border the picture size. Allow little time to let your eyes get used to the darkness and enjoy your home cinema. To make it a realistic home cinema, an extra loudspeaker box can be placed behind the projector screen. The outside loudspeaker box and the TV loudspeaker can be easily connected in `either-or’ manner by means of a three pole jack or a slide switch. All these new switches can be fitted together on a small case or even built into the TV case. The inside walls of both objective and projector cases should be painted matt black to arrest diffused light and thereby obtain extra sharpness for the projected picture







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Wednesday, September 24, 2014

Generating Stepped Voltage Circuit Diagram

This circuit converts an enter sign into one that may be composed of a number of discrete steps but which re- mains in a different way identical to the enter sign, because the steps are of equivalent peak, the harmonic con- tent of the output sign shall be dependent upon the amplitude of the enter sign.
This characteristic is very useful within the making of electronic tune.

The circuit uses quantitised pulse-width modulation for the including of the step-formed enters sign. Pulse-width modulation is acquired by comparing a triangular voltage with the analogue enter sign by the use of a comparator; the quantitising, that may be the including of the steps, takes place by replacing the triangular voltage with a stepped voltage.  The transistor transfers the rate on C2 to capacitor C4.

Throughout the following part cycle C2 is rerated by means of Dl. ln this manner the voltage across C4 increases in discrete steps, the height of the steps being deter- mined by the ratio C2:4. Whilst the voltage across C4 rises above a certain price, N2 switches transistor T2 on by means of gate N3 and disrates capacitor C4. Whilst the capacitor is completely disrated, N2 switches off T2 and C4 continues to rate again in discrete steps. The stepped voltage uses to the inverting enter of lC2 which is l hooked up as a comparator. Low- move clear out R4/C7 within the output of  lC2 converts the heartbeat-width modulated sign again to an analogue one. The d.c. voltage degree at the non- inverting enter uses by potentiometer P2 to part the significance of the stepped voltage. The environment of P1 depends on the enter sign which should be attenuated such that the maximum price at the slider of Pl is at all times smaller than i the utmost price of the stepped I voltage. The collection of steps can also be decided on by various the worth of C4. lt is imaginable to use a varicap in preference to C4 with the varicap voltage being managed by the tune program or the enter sign. Attention grabbing and person results can also be acquired on this method.


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Tuesday, September 23, 2014

Portable Guitar Amplifier Circuit



Portable Guitar Amplifier Circuit Parts:

R1______________22K 1/4W Resistor

C1______________10µF 25V Electrolytic Capacitor
C2_____________100nF 63V Polyester or Ceramic Capacitor
C3_____________220µF 25V Electrolytic Capacitor

IC1__________TDA7052 Audio power amplifier IC

J1,J2__________6.3mm Stereo Jack sockets (switched)

SPKR___________8 Ohm Loudspeaker (See Notes)

B1________________9V PP3 Battery or
3V Battery (2 x 1.5V AA, AAA Cells in series etc.)

Clip for PP3 Battery or socket for 2 x 1.5V AA or AAA Cells


Portable Guitar Amplifier Technical data:

Max output power: 1.5W @ 9V supply - 8 Ohm load; 60mW @ 3V supply - 8 Ohm load

Frequency response: Flat from 20Hz to 20kHz

Total harmonic distortion @ 100mW output: 0.2%

Max input voltage @ 3V supply: 8mV RMS

Minimum input voltage for Fuzz-box operation: 18mV RMS @ 3V supply

Current consumption @ 400mW and 9V supply: 200mA

Current consumption @ 250mW and 9V supply: 150mA

Current consumption @ 60mW and 3V supply: 80mA

Quiescent current consumption: 6mA @ 9V, 4mA @ 3V supply

Fuzz-box current consumption: 3mA @ 3V supply
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Monday, September 22, 2014

Fuse Box Toyota 1990 4runner Relay Diagram

Fuse Box Toyota 1990 4runner Relay Diagram - Here are new post for Fuse Box Toyota 1990 4runner Relay Diagram.

Fuse Box Toyota 1990 4runner Relay Diagram



Fuse
Fuse

Fuse Panel Layout Diagram Parts: charge, hazzard horn, dome light, headlight, alternator, headlight control relay, EFI relay, EFI relay, CMH relay.
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Sunday, September 21, 2014

Fuse Box BMW 745 V8 2003 Diagram

Fuse Box BMW 745 V8 2003 Diagram - Here are new post for Fuse Box BMW 745 V8 2003 Diagram.

Fuse Box BMW 745 V8 2003 Diagram



Fuse
Fuse

Fuse Panel Layout Diagram Parts: Radio, rear screen, roller sun blind, seat adjustment, seat heating, servotronic, speed control, starter diesel engine, steering column adjustment, CD changer, central locking system, LK doors, central locking system, remote control, cigar lighter, transmission control, instrument cluster, lighting, multi function steering, wheel, on board monitor, parking brake, airbag, air conditioner, anti roll stabilizer, auxiliary heater diesel, blower, wiper/washer systemdiagnosis plug, burning heater, deflation warning system, door window lift, damper control, engine control gasoline, heated steering wheel, ignition starter switch, independent heater, adaptive head light, ABS.
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Saturday, September 20, 2014

Electric Guitar Preamp Mixer and Line Driver

Depending on its design an electric guitar may have anything from one to six pickup elements. Classic (acoustic) guitars could also benefit from one or more retro-fitted pickups. Each pickup has a specific sound depending on the type of sensor and the location on the instrument. When a guitar has more than one pickup these can be connected together with or without additional components. However it is preferable for each pickup signal to be buffered individually. These buffered and possibly amplified signals should be level-adjusted in order to produce the desirable effect (or ‘sound’). After that they are mixed and sent to the next stage of the audio processing equipment.

Circuit diagram:Electric
Electric Guitar Preamp, Mixer and Line Driver Circuit Diagram

Most guitarists agree that pickup elements cannot drive cables longer than about 6 feet without risking significant signal degradation. Guitar pickups typically require a load resistance above 50 kΩ and sometimes higher than 200 kΩ, hence a preamplifier/buffer is often inserted, whose main function is not high gain but to enable cables between 10 and 30 feet to be connected representing a capacitance between 90 and 180 pF/m. In the circuit shown here, each pickup has its own input buffer with a transistor configured as an emitter follower. Each stage has a gain slightly lower than unity. This is not an issue because most pickups provide significant signal levels, typically well over 200 mVpp.

The input resistance of the first stage exceeds 200 kΩ, which is appropriate for most inductive pickups on the market. If higher input resistance is needed the 1-MΩ resistors marked with asterisks could be omitted, and the 720-kΩ ones may be increased to 1.2 – 1.5 MΩ. This will raise the stage’s input resistance to around 500 kΩ. To ensure the highest possible undistorted signal can be developed at the output of the first stages, the collector-emitter voltage (VCE) of T1–T4 should be about half the supply voltage. It is important for the first transistor in the buffer to have low noise and high DC gain.

The types BC549C and BC550C and the venerable BC109C are perfectly suitable in this respect while the BC546C, BC547C and BC548C may also be considered. The buffered signal from each pickup is adjusted with a potentiometer and sent to the summing circuit of the mixer. The next active element is an audio operational amplifier type NE5534 or NE5534A (IC1), which provides the required amount of signal buffering. The 5534(A) has low noise, low distortion and high gain. It can drive a 600 Ω line when necessary, but the preferred load is above 2 kΩ. Its amplification is adjustable between 3 and 10 with feedback potentiometer P5. At higher values of the gain some limiting and distortion of the output signal is ‘achieved’, which may well be a desirable side effect.

The maximum undistorted amplitude of the output signal depends on the supply voltage. If higher gain is needed the value of P5 may be increased to 470 kΩ. Output K7 has a volume control potentiometer (P6), which could be omitted if not used or required. Both outputs K6 and K7 are capable of driving 600 Ω loads including high-impedance headphones. The circuit is simple to test and adjust, as follows:
  1. check that VCE on T1–T4 is approximately half the supply voltage;
  2. with no input signal, adjust trimpot P7 for about half the supply voltage at the output of IC1. If precise regulation of the opamp’s output offset is not required P7 may be omitted and R17 connected to the junction of R18 and R19.
The supply voltage is between 12 V and 24 V. It is possible to run the unit off a 9 V power supply but the lower supply voltage will limit the output amplitude and gain. The current consumption from a 9 V battery is typically 10 mA. Two 9 V batteries connected in series is the preferred solution. The undistorted output amplitude is up to 6 Vpp at a 12 V supply with 2 kΩ loads at the outputs. The unit’s frequency band exceeds 20 Hz – 20 kHz. Distortion and noise were found to be negligible in view of the application.

Author: Petre Tzvetanov Petrov (Bulgaria) - Copyright: Elektor Electronics 2011
 
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Thursday, September 18, 2014

High Power Amplifier 300W





                                                                             PCB
P

For many application theres no substitute for sheer power- low efficiency speakers, outdoor sound systems, or maybe you like the full flavour of the dynamic range of a high power amp. Whatever your requirement-this super power module should fit the bill. How it works: The amplifier can be divided into three separate parts. These are : the input stage, which consists of Q1-Q9 , a high gain, low power driver; the output or power stage- witch only has a voltage gain of four but enormous power gain; and the power supply. The input stage is a complementary -differential network, each side with its own current source.

Each transistor in this stage is run at a collector currant of about 0.7mA. Emitter resistors are employed to stabilize the gain and improve linearity. The output of Q1-Q5 drives Q7 and Q9. The latter are virtually two constant-current sources run about 7mA collector current. With an input signal these current sources are modulated out of phase - the collector current of one decreases while the other increases. This configuration provides quite an amount of gain. In between the bases of these two transistors is Q8, the thermal sensing-bias transistor. The voltage across Q8 may be adjusted by TR1, thus setting the quiescent bias current for output stage. The output stage, Q10-Q11, Q13-Q14 and Q16-17, has a gain of about five, set by R44 and R28 plus R29. Diodes D4 and D6 prevent reverse biasing of Q10 and Q11 (otherwise the output would be limited).

Protection of the output transistors is provided by Q12 and Q15 which monitor both current and voltage in the output transistors and bypass the base current if the limit is exceeded. Frequency stabilization provided by capacitors C6, C11, C12 and the RC networks R31/C10 plus R46/C15. Frequency response of the amplifier is set by C1 and C7 (lower limit), C6 sets the upper frequency limit. If you want use the Protection DC and Balance/Bridge circuits. All the transistors that are inside the interrupted line are placed on an aluminium corner and he screwed on a suitable heatsink. The transistors Q7,Q10,Q11, Q8, Q9, Q13,Q14,Q16 and Q17 placed on this aluminium corner, with suitable isolation from this.[ETI 4/80].
SPECIFICATIONS
POWER OUTPUT
200W rms/8 ohm

310W rms/4 ohm

800W rms/8 ohm (Bridge mode)
FREQUENCE RESPONSE
20HZ-20KHZ +/-0.5dB
INPUT SENSITIVITY
1V for 200W/300W
HUM AND NOISE
-105dB
THD
<0.1%
DAMPING FACTOR
65
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USB Switch Schematic Wiring diagram Schematic

Anyone experimenting or developing USB ported peripheral hardware soon be comes irritated by the need to disconnect and connect the plug  in order to reestablish communication with the PC. This process is necessary for example each time the peripheral equipment is reset or a new version of the firmware is installed. As well as tiresome it eventually leads to excessive contact wear in the USB connector. The answer is to build this electronic isolator which disconnects the peripheral device at the touch of a button. This is guaranteed to reduce any physical wear and tear and restore calm once again to the workplace. 

Circuit image :
 USB
USB Switch Schematic Circuit Image

The schema uses a quad analogue switch type 74HC4066. Two of the switches in the package are used to isolate the data path. The remaining two are used in a classic bistable flip-flop configuration which is normally built using transistors. A power MOSFET switches the power supply current to the USB device.  Capacitor C2 ensures that the flip flop always  powers-up in a defined state when plugged  into the USB socket (‘B’ in the diagram). 

The  peripheral device connected to USB socket ‘A’  will therefore always be ‘not connected’ until  pushbutton S2 is pressed. This flips the bistable, turning on both analogue gates in the data lines and switching the MOSFET on. The  PC now recognises the USB device. Pressing  S1 disconnects the device.

Circuit diagram :
USB
USB Switch Schematic Circuit Diagram

The schema does not sequence the connections as a physical USB connector does; the power supply connection strips are slightly longer than the two inner data carrying strips to ensure the peripheral receives power before the data signals are connected. The electronic switch does not suffer from the same contact problems as the physical  connector so these measures are not required in the schema. The  simple schema can quite easily be constructed on a small  square of perforated strip-board. 

The design uses the 74HC(T)4066 type analogue switch, these have  better characteristics compared to the standard 4066 device. The USB switch is suitable for both low-speed (1.5 MBit/ s) and full-speed (12 MBit/s) USB ports applications but the proper ties of the analogue switches and perf-board construction  will not support hi-speed (480 MBit/s) USB operation. 

The IRFD9024 MOSFET can pass a current of  up to 500 mA to the peripheral device with-out any problem.
 http://streampowers.blogspot.com/2012/07/touch-switchs.html
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Fuse Box Toyota 1997 Camry CE Diagram

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Fuse Box Toyota 1997 Camry CE Diagram



Fuse
Fuse

Fuse Panel Layout Diagram Parts: engine main relay, horn relay, RDI fuse, CDS fuse, headlamp, head relay, St relay, main fuse-high current, EFI relay.
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Sunday, September 14, 2014

Mercedes Explanation Fuse Box Year 230 Diagram

Fuse Box Mercedes 230 Diagram - Below is Fuse Box Mercedes 230 Diagram.

Fuse Box Mercedes 230 Diagram



Fuse
Fuse

Fuse Panel Layout Diagram Parts: electronic accelerator, first gear start relay, combination relay, power seat diode, exterior lamp, failure monitoring unit, convenience relay, seat belt warning relay, power seat relay, auxiliary fan relay, preresistor, headlamp washer relay, air injection relay, power window relay, parking brake.
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Saturday, September 13, 2014

New Automatic Load Sensing Power Switch

This schema will automatically switch on several mains-powered "slave" loads when a "master" load is turned on. For example, it will switch on the amplifier and CD player in a stereo system when the receiver is turned on. It works by sensing the current draw of the "master" device through a low value high wattage resistor using a comparator. The output of that comparator then switches on the "slave" relay. The schema can be built into a power bar, extension cord or power center to provide a convenient set of "smart" outlets that switch on when the master appliance is powered (turn on the computer monitor and the computer, printer and other peripherals come on as well).

New Automatic Load Sensing Power Switch Circuit Diagram



New

Parts


Part            


  Total Qty.


Description



C1, C3               2               10uF 35V Electrolytic Capacitor
C2     1               1uF 35V Electrolytic Capacitor
R1     1               0.1 Ohm 10W Resistor
R2     1               27K 1/2W Resistor
R3, R4     1               1K 1/4W Resistor
R5     1               470K 1/4W Resistor
R6     1               4.7K 1/2W Resistor
R7     1               10K 1/4W Resistor
D1, D2, D4     3               1N4004 Rectifier Diode
D3     1               1N4744 15V 1 Watt Zener Diode
U1     1               LM358N Dual Op Amp IC
Q1     1               2N3904 NPN Transistor
K1     1               Relay, 12VDC Coil, 120VAC 10A Contacts
S1     1               SPST Switch 120AVC, 10A
MISC     1               Board, Wire, Socket For U1, Case, Mains Plug, Socket
Notes
  • This schema is designed for 120V operation. For 240V operation, resistors R2 and R6 will need to be changed.
  • A maximum of 5A can be used as the master unless the wattage of R1 is increased         S1 provides a manual bypass switch.
  • THis schema is not isolated from the mains supply. Because of this, you must exercise extreme caution when working around the schema if it is plugged in.
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Friday, September 12, 2014

Simple accu charger circuit

charger
Accu charger circuit is very simple and easy to make, because it only requires a few components are also not more than 10 components. Besides easy charger circuit is also very cheap and very efficient. 

Read more
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Thursday, September 11, 2014

Toyota Land Cruiser FJ40 1975 Wiring Diagrams

Manufacturer: Toyota
Model: Land Cruiser FJ 40
Year: 1975


2 Pages Wiring Diagrams


File Size: 88 KB
File Type: PDF

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Wednesday, September 10, 2014

555 Timer for DC to DC Converter Circuit


555
555 Timer for DC to DC Converter

This circuit is called DC TO DC converter circuit.Which increase the voltage circuit.There can be customized to change the output values. When the power supply input to IC1 is the output pin 3 at a frequency of 1 kHz.The frequency is Q1 and Q2, which will continue to use push pool work interchangeably.If this is the positive output signal Q1 Q2 will run the delete function this reason, C2 and C3 capacitors are half-wave alternating.When to use. Voltage from C2 to C3 is discharged out to the input voltage over almost two times less than 2 times due to the loss of diodes D1-D3.


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Tuesday, September 9, 2014

Toyota Celica A20 1975 Wiring Diagrams

Manufacturer: Toyota
Model: Celica A20 Series
Year: 1975


2 Pages Wiring Diagrams


File Size: 149 KB
File Type: PDF

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Monday, September 8, 2014

LM12 High Power Amplifier circuit

LM12This is an amplifier circuit using ic LM12 as the main amplifier. This amplifier has a 150Watt power output and has a 4 ohm impedance. These amplifiers have a classified high output power. The frequency response of 10Hz to 30KHz. Supply Voltage at least 9 Volt and 50 Volt CT.

See schematic Below :

schematic
Schematic High Power amplifier with LM12
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Sunday, September 7, 2014

6 18 Volt audio power amplifier

audio
This time I will post about the audio amplifier based on IC KA2204. In an audio amplifier circuit has a power output that can also be referred to as a low-grade resources that have only 6 Watts output with 4 Ohm impedance. Frequency response 30 Hz to 18 kHz . For the scheme can be seen below.





Supply
Supply voltage and a maximum of at least 6 Volt to 18 Volt

Part List
R1 =  56R
C1 = 1uF
C2 = 220uF
C3 = 100uF
C4 = 47uF
C5 = 1000uF
C6 = 100nF
C7 = 470pF
C8 = 22pF
C9 = 47uF
C10 = 47pF



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Saturday, September 6, 2014

Simple 8 Random Flashing LEDs

This project flashes eight LEDs in an apparently random manner. It uses a 4060 combined counter and display driver IC which is designed for driving 7-segment LED displays. 

Circuit diagram :

random-flashing-leds
Simple 8 Random Flashing LEDs

The sequence is not really random because seven of the LEDs would normally be the display segments, the eighth LED is driven by an output that is normally used for driving further counters. The table below shows the sequence for the LEDs. You can use less than eight LEDs if you wish and the table may help you decide which ones to use for your purpose.
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Friday, September 5, 2014

Digital H V AC Switcher Wiring diagram Schematic

This is a digital H-V or high voltage AC switcher schema diagram, Switching a high voltage AC requires use of opto couplers to isolate the High Voltage from the micro controller. A basic schema to trigger an SCR is shown in Fig. 67 -lA. This schema has the disadvantage that the blocking voltage of the photon-coupler output device determines the schema-blocking voltage, irrespective of higher main SCR capability. Adding capacitor Cl to the schema, as shown in Fig. 67-lB, will reduce the dV!dt seen by the photoncoupler output device.

 Digital H-V AC Switcher Circuit Diagram

 Click right and Save image and zoom for best view
The energy stored in Cl, when discharged into the gate of SCRl, will improve the dildt capability of the main SCR. Using a separate power supply for the coupler adds flexibility to the trigger schema; it removes the limitation of the blocking voltage capability of the photon-coupler output device. The flexibility adds cost and more than one power supply might be necessary for multiple SCRs if no common reference points are available. 67-lC, Rl can be connected to Point A. which will remove the voltage from the coupler after SCRl is triggered. `or to Point B so that the coupler output will always be biased by input voltage.

The former is preferred since it decreases the power dissipation in Rl. A more practical form of SCR triggering is shown in Fig. 67 -IF. Trigger energy is obtained from the anode su]Jply and stored in Cl. Coupler voltage is limited by the zener voltage. This approach permits switching of higher voltages than the blocking voltage capability of the output device of the photon coupler. To reduce the power losses in Rl and to obtain shorter time constants for charging Cl, the zener diode is used instead of a resistor. A guide for selecting the component values would consist of the following steps: Choose Cl in a range of 0.05 to 1 p.F.

The maximum value might be limited by the recharging time constant (RL + R1) C1 while the minimum value will be set by the minimum pulse width required to ensure SCR latching. R2 is determined from peak gate current limits, if applicable, and minimum pulse width requirements. Select a zener diode. A 25-V zener is a practical value, since this will meet the usual gate requirement of 20 V and 20 0. This diode will also eliminate spurious triggering because of voltage transients. Photon coupler triggering is ideal for the SCR`s driving inductive loads. By ensuring that the LASCR latches on, it can supply gate current to SCRl until it stays on.
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Thursday, September 4, 2014

Auto Snooze for Digital Alarm Clocks

Alarm clocks are made to wake you up. However, it is quite bothersome to hear the alarm continuously until you get up and put it off. Also, you might fall asleep again. The snooze facility solves this problem to some extent by allowing you to turn the alarm off for a specific period of time by pressing a switch. But here again, you need to look for the snooze switch!

Here is a low-cost solution to these problems. This schema wakes you up gently. It puts off the alarm after a predetermined time and makes it sound again after some time. And this process is automatic. You don’t need to press any switch, thanks to timer IC NE555, CMOS NAND gate CD4011, and a few discrete components.

Auto

Fig. 1: Auto-snooze schema for digital alarm clock with snooze facility

There are two types of auto-snooze diagram: one for a digital alarm clock with snooze facility (Fig. 1) and the other for a digital alarm clock without snooze facility (Fig. 2).

In the auto-snooze schema for a digital alarm clock with snooze facility, the alarm output as well as the snooze facility of the clock are used. When the alarm’s output goes high at the predetermined time, transistor BC547 conducts to trigger pin 2 of IC1. As a result, output pin 3 of IC1 goes high and it makes the alarm sound as well as triggers the snooze. This results in sounding of the alarm for=1.1×VR1×C1 seconds and turning the alarm output off so that pin 2 gets triggered only for a moment. After the snooze time (9 minutes for clock chip MM5387) programmed in the clock IC is over, the alarm output goes high and triggers IC1 again, and this process continues until the alarm-off switch of the clock is pressed.



Fig. 2: Auto-snooze schema for digital alarm clock without snooze facility

On the other hand, in the auto-snooze schema for alarm clocks without snooze facility, first set presets VR2 and VR3, using the formula t=1.1RC, such that the time period of IC3 is less than the time period of IC2. For example, let the time constant of IC3 be 10 seconds and that of IC2 be 7 minutes. In such a setting the snooze time is 6 minutes 50 seconds and alarm-on time is 10 seconds.

In normal situation, the input of NAND gate N2 is low and thus its output at pin 4 is high. Consequently, the input at pin 2 of N1 is high. On the other hand, the input at pin 1 of N1 is kept low via resistor R3. At the predetermined time, when the alarm output from the clock goes high (also making pin 1 of N1 high), it makes output pin 3 of N1 low, which triggers both the monostables (IC2 and IC3) at pin 2. As a result, the input of gate N2 goes high and hence its output pin 4 as also pin 2 of gate N1 go low. Thus the output of N1 goes high immediately.

The output of IC3 switches on the alarm schema and it sounds for 10 seconds. The output of IC2 remains high for 7 minutes. Diode 1N4148 prevents the alarm from staying ‘on’ after 10 seconds. After 7 minutes, the inputs of N2 go low and thus monostable IC2 gets triggered once again. This process continues as long as the alarm output of the clock is high.

The entire schema can be powered from the 5V DC power supply of the clock. For louder sound you can use any alarm schema with a suitable power supply in place of the piezobuzzer.



Sourced by:EFy Author:  S.K. Roushon
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Wednesday, September 3, 2014

1998 Ford f800 Wiring Diagram

1998 Ford f800 Wiring Diagram
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This is 1998 Ford f800 Wiring Diagram: power distribution, indicator, air switch, switch closed, diesel, switch testing, buzzer module, engine alarm, stihes.
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Tuesday, September 2, 2014

Simple Inverter circuit with IC556 timer chip

This circuit is low power inverter , in this circuit only save a few components, about 9 parts. Voltage input from 10 volt to 16 volt DC into 60-Hz.  And then voltage will be raised to about 115 V with power 25 W. The first section of IC 556 timer chip is wire as an astable oscilator with R2 and C1 setting the frequncy. The output is available at IC 556 pin 5. The second section is wired as a phase inverter. That output is available at IC 556 pin 9.
Schematic low inverter below :
 

The transformer use 120 V / 18 VCT unit that is connected backwards, so that it steps the voltage up rather than down. At resistor R3 and R4 keep output transistor Q1 and Q2 from loading the transistor. The transistor drive the transformer . The circuit can you use to supply lamp or other electronic devices.
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Monday, September 1, 2014

Light Flasher

This is a very basic schema for flashing one or more LEDS and also to alternately flash one or more LEDs.
It uses a 555 timer setup as an astable multivibrator with a variable frequency.
With the preset at its max. the flashing rate of the LED is about 1/2 a second. It can be increased by increasing the value of the capacitor from 10uF to a higher value. For example if it is increased to 22uF the flashing rate becomes 1 second.

There is also provision to convert it into an alternating flasher. You just have to connect a LED and a 330ohm as shown in Fig.2 to the points X and Y of Fig.1. Then both the LEDs flash alternately.

Since the 555 can supply or sink in upto 200mA of current, you can connect upto about 18 LEDS in parallel both for the flasher and alternating flasher (that makes a total of 36 LEDs for alternating flas


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